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{1578} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
God Help us, let's try to understand AI monosemanticity Commentary: To some degree, superposition seems like a geometric "hack" invented in the process of optimization to squeeze a great many (largely mutually-exclusive) sparse features into a limited number of neurons. GPT3 has a latent dimension of only 96 * 128 = 12288, and with 96 layers this is only 1.17 M neurons (*). A fruit fly has 100k neurons (and can't speak). All communication must be through that 12288 dimensional vector, which is passed through LayerNorm many times (**), so naturally the network learns to take advantage of locally linear subspaces. That said, the primate visual system does seem to use superposition, though not via local subspaces; instead, neurons seem to encode multiple axes somewhat linearly (e.g. global spaces: linearly combined position and class) That was a few years ago, and I suspect that new results may contest this. The face area seems to do a good job of disentanglement, for example. Treating everything as high-dimensional vectors is great for analogy making, like the wife - husband + king = queen example. But having fixed-size vectors for representing arbitrary-dimensioned relationships inevitably leads to compression ~= superposition. Provided those subspaces are semantically meaningful, it all works out from a generalization standpoint -- but this is then equivalent to allocating an additional axis for said relationship or attribute. Additional axes would also put less decoding burden on the downstream layers, and make optimization easier. Google has demonstrated allocation in transformers. It's also prevalent in the cortex. Trick is getting it to work! (*) GPT4 is unlikely to have more than an order of magnitude more 'neurons'; PaLM-540B has only 2.17 M. Given that GPT-4 is something like 3-4x larger, it should have 6-8 M neurons, which is still 3 orders of magnitude fewer than the human neocortex (nevermind the cerebellum ;-) (**) I'm of two minds on LayerNorm. PV interneurons might be seen to do something like this, but it's all local -- you don't need everything to be vector rotations. (LayerNorm effectively removes one degree of freedom, so really it's a 12287 dimensional vector) Update: After reading https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/monosemantic-features/index.html, I find the idea of local manifolds / local codes to be quite appealing: why not represent sparse yet conditional features using superposition? This also expands the possibility of pseudo-hierarchical representation, which is great. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1575} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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{1573} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-36070680 Extracellular vesicles mediate the communication of adipose tissue with brain and promote cognitive impairment associated with insulin resistance
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{1571} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
One model for the learning of language
A more interesting result is Deep symbolic regression for recurrent sequences, where the authors (facebook/meta) use a Transformer -- in this case, directly taken from Vaswini 2017 (8-head, 8-layer QKV w/ a latent dimension of 512) to do both symbolic (estimate the algebraic recurrence relation) and numeric (estimate the rest of the sequence) training / evaluation. Symbolic regression generalizes better, unsurprisingly. But both can be made to work even in the presence of (log-scaled) noise! While the language learning paper shows that small generative programs can be inferred from a few samples, the Meta symbolic regression shows that Transformers can evince either amortized memory (less likely) or algorithms for perception -- both new and interesting. It suggests that 'even' abstract symbolic learning tasks are sufficiently decomposable that the sorts of algorithms available to an 8-layer transformer can give a useful search heuristic. (N.B. That the transformer doesn't spit out perfect symbolic or numerical results directly -- it also needs post-processing search. Also, the transformer algorithm has search (in the form of softmax) baked in to it's architecture.) This is not a light architecture: they trained the transformer for 250 epochs, where each epoch was 5M equations in batches of 512. Each epoch took 1 hour on 16 Volta GPUs w 32GB of memory. So, 4k GPU-hours x ~10 TFlops = 1.4e20 Flops. Compare this with grammar learning above; 7 days on 32 cores operating at ~ 3Gops/sec is 1.8e15 ops. Much, much smaller compute. All of this is to suggest a central theme of computer science: a continuum between search and memorization.
Most interesting for a visual neuroscientist (not that I'm one per se, but bear with me) is where on these axes (search, heuristic, memory) visual perception is. Clearly there is a high degree of recurrence, and a high degree of plasticity / learning. But is there search or local optimization? Is this coupled to the recurrence via some form of energy-minimizing system? Is recurrence approximating E-M? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1556} |
ref: -0
tags: concept net NLP transformers graph representation knowledge
date: 11-04-2021 17:48 gmt
revision:0
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Symbolic Knowledge Distillation: from General Language Models to Commonsense Models
Human-designed knowledge graphs are described here: ConceptNet 5.5: An Open Multilingual Graph of General Knowledge And employed for profit here: https://www.luminoso.com/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1554} |
ref: -2021
tags: FIBSEM electron microscopy presynaptic plasticity activity Funke
date: 10-12-2021 17:03 gmt
revision:0
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Ultrastructural readout of in vivo synaptic activity for functional connectomics
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{1553} |
ref: -2020
tags: excitatory inhibitory balance E-I synapses
date: 10-06-2021 17:50 gmt
revision:1
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We mapped over 90,000 E and I synapses across twelve L2/3 PNs and uncovered structured organization of E and I synapses across dendritic domains as well as within individual dendritic segments. Despite significant domain-specific variation in the absolute density of E and I synapses, their ratio is strikingly balanced locally across dendritic segments. Computational modeling indicates that this spatially precise E/I balance dampens dendritic voltage fluctuations and strongly impacts neuronal firing output. I think this would be tenuous, but they did do patch-clamp recording to back it up, but it's vitally interesting from a structural standpoint. Plus, this is a enjoyable, well-written paper :-) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1551} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cell-based reporters reveal in vivo dynamics of dopamine and norepinephrine release in murine cortex
Referenced -- and used by the recent paper Reinforcement learning links spontaneous cortical dopamine impulses to reward, which showed that dopamine signaling itself can come under volitional, operant-conditioning (or reinforcement type) modulation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1550} |
ref: -2011
tags: government polyicy observability submerged state America
date: 09-23-2021 22:06 gmt
revision:0
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The Submerged State -- How Invisible Government Policies Undermine American Democracy. By Suzanne Mettler (I've not read this book, just the blurb, but it looks like a defensible thesis) : Government polyicy, rather than distributing resources (money, infrastructure, services) as directly as possible to voters, have recently opted to distribute indirectly, through private companies. This gives the market & private organizations more perceived clout, perpetuates a level of corruption, and undermines American's faith in their government. So, we need a better 'debugger' for policy in america? Something like a discrete chain rule to help people figure out what policies (and who) are responsible for the good / bad things in their life? Sure seems that the bureaucracy is could use some cleanup / is failing under burgeoning complexity. This is probably not dissimilar to cruddy technical systems. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1449} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This was compiled from searching papers which referenced Olshausen and Field 1996 PMID-8637596 Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images.
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{1546} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Local synaptic learning rules suffice to maximize mutual information in a linear network
x = randn(1000, 10); Q = x' * x; a = 0.001; Y = randn(10, 1); y = zeros(10, 1); for i = 1:1000 y = Y + (eye(10) - a*Q)*y; end y - pinv(Q)*Y / a % should be zero.
To this is added a 'sensing' learning and 'noise' unlearning phase -- one optimizes , the other minimizes . Everything is then applied, similar to before, to a gaussian-filtered one-dimensional white-noise stimuli. He shows this results in bandpass filter behavior -- quite weak sauce in an era where ML papers are expected to test on five or so datasets. Even if this was 1992 (nearly forty years ago!), it would have been nice to see this applied to a more realistic dataset; perhaps some of the following papers? Olshausen & Field came out in 1996 -- but they applied their algorithm to real images. In both Olshausen & this work, no affordances are made for multiple layers. There have to be solutions out there... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1545} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Self-organizaton in a perceptual network
One may critically challenge the infomax idea: we very much need to (and do) throw away spurious or irrelevant information in our sensory streams; what upper layers 'care about' when making decisions is certainly relevant to the lower layers. This credit-assignment is neatly solved by backprop, and there are a number 'biologically plausible' means of performing it, but both this and infomax are maybe avoiding the problem. What might the upper layers really care about? Likely 'care about' is an emergent property of the interacting local learning rules and network structure. Can you search directly in these domains, within biological limits, and motivated by statistical reality, to find unsupervised-learning networks? You'll still need a way to rank the networks, hence an objective 'care about' function. Sigh. Either way, I don't per se put a lot of weight in the infomax principle. It could be useful, but is only part of the story. Otherwise Linsker's discussion is accessible, lucid, and prescient. Lol. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1526} |
ref: -0
tags: neuronal assemblies maass hebbian plasticity simulation austria fMRI
date: 02-23-2021 18:49 gmt
revision:1
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PMID-32381648 A model for structured information representation in neural networks in the brain
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{1528} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discovering hidden factors of variation in deep networks
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{1490} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21527931 Two-photon absorption properties of fluorescent proteins
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{1417} |
ref: -0
tags: synaptic plasticity 2-photon imaging inhibition excitation spines dendrites synapses 2p
date: 08-14-2020 01:35 gmt
revision:3
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PMID-22542188 Clustered dynamics of inhibitory synapses and dendritic spines in the adult neocortex.
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{1478} |
ref: -2013
tags: 2p two photon STED super resolution microscope synapse synaptic plasticity
date: 08-14-2020 01:34 gmt
revision:3
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PMID-23442956 Two-Photon Excitation STED Microscopy in Two Colors in Acute Brain Slices
PMID-29932052 Chronic 2P-STED imaging reveals high turnover of spines in the hippocampus in vivo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1518} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-31780899 Single Synapse LTP: A matter of context?
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Various GEVIs invented and evolved: Ace-FRET sensors
Arch and Mac rhodopsin sensors
VSD - FP sensors
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{1506} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Improved asymmetric locality sensitive hashing for maximum inner product search
Use case: Capsule: a camera based positioning system using learning
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Scalable and sustainable deep learning via randomized hashing
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{1435} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-18204458 High-speed, low-photodamage nonlinear imaging using passive pulse splitters
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PMID-29123069 A neural algorithm for a fundamental computing problem
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PMID: Spiking neurons can discover predictive features by aggregate-label learning
Editorializing a bit: I said this was interesting, but why? The first part of the paper is another form of SGD, albeit in a spiking neural network, where the gradient is harder compute hence is done numerically. It's the aggregate part that is new -- pulling in repeated patterns through synaptic learning rules. Of course, to do this, the full trace of pre and post synaptic activity must be recorded (??) for estimating the STS (i think). An eligibility trace moves in the right direction as a biologically plausible approximation, but as always nothing matches the precision of SGD. Can the eligibility trace be amended with e.g. neuromodulators to push the performance near that of SGD? The next step of adding self supervised singular and multiple features is perhaps toward the way the brain organizes itself -- small local feedback loops. These features annotate repeated occurrences of stimuli, or tile a continuous feature space. Still, the fact that I haven't seen any follow-up work is suggestive... Editorializing further, there is a limited quantity of work that a single human can do. In this paper, it's a great deal of work, no doubt, and the author offers some good intuitions for the design decisions. Yet still, the total complexity that even a very determined individual can amass is limited, and likely far below the structural complexity of a mammalian brain. This implies that inference either must be distributed and compositional (the normal path of science), or the process of evaluating & constraining models must be significantly accelerated. This later option is appealing, as current progress in neuroscience seems highly technology limited -- old results become less meaningful when the next wave of measurement tools comes around, irrespective of how much work went into it. (Though: the impedtus for measuring a particular thing in biology is only discovered through these 'less meaningful' studies...). A third option, perhaps one which many theoretical neuroscientists believe in, is that there are some broader, physics-level organizing principles to the brain. Karl Friston's free energy principle is a good example of this. Perhaps at a meta level some organizing theory can be found, or likely a set of theories; but IMHO, you'll need at least one theory per brain area, at least, just the same as each area is morphologically, cytoarchitecturaly, and topologically distinct. (There may be only a few theories of the cortex, despite all the areas, which is why so many are eager to investigate it!) So what constitutes a theory? Well, you have to meaningfully describe what a brain region does. (Why is almost as important; how more important to the path there.) From a sensory standpoint: what information is stored? What processing gain is enacted? How does the stored information impress itself on behavior? From a motor standpoint: how are goals selected? How are the behavioral segments to attain them sequenced? Is the goal / behavior even a reasonable way of factoring the problem? Our dual problem, building the bridge from the other direction, is perhaps easier. Or it could be a lot more money has gone into it. Either way, much progress has been made in AI. One arm is deep function approximation / database compression for fast and organized indexing, aka deep learning. Many people are thinking about that; no need to add to the pile; anyway, as OpenAI has proven, the common solution to many problems is to simply throw more compute at it. A second is deep reinforcement learning, which is hideously sample and path inefficient, hence ripe for improvement. One side is motor: rather than indexing raw motor variables (LRUD in a video game, or joint torques with a robot..) you can index motor primitives, perhaps hierarchically built; likewise, for the sensory input, the model needs to infer structure about the world. This inference should decompose overwhelming sensory experience into navigable causes ... But how can we do this decomposition? The cortex is more than adept at it, but now we're at the original problem, one that the paper above purports to make a stab at. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1489} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1487} |
ref: -0
tags: adaptive optics sensorless retina fluorescence imaging optimization zernicke polynomials
date: 11-15-2019 02:51 gmt
revision:0
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PMID-26819812 Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics fluorescence biomicroscope for in vivo retinal imaging in mice
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PMID-26352471 Labelling and optical erasure of synaptic memory traces in the motor cortex
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Rapid learning or feature reuse? Towards understanding the effectiveness of MAML
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Edited Terrence Eden's script to average multiple frames when producing a time-lapse video from a continuous video. Frames are averaged together before decimation, rather than pure decimation, as with ffmpeg. Produces appealing results on subjects like water. Also, outputs a video directly, without having to write individual images. python #!/usr/bin/python import cv2 import sys # Video to read print str(sys.argv[1]) vidcap = cv2.VideoCapture(sys.argv[1]) # Which frame to start from, how many frames to go through start_frame = 0 frames = 61000 # Counters count = 0 save_seq = 0 decimate = 10 rolling = 16 # average over N output frames transpose = False if(transpose): h = vidcap.get(3) w = vidcap.get(4) else: w = vidcap.get(3) h = vidcap.get(4) fourcc = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*'mp4v') writer = cv2.VideoWriter("timelapse.mp4", fourcc, 30, (int(w), int(h)), True) avglist = [] while True: # Read a frame success,image = vidcap.read() if not success: break if count > start_frame+frames: break if count >= start_frame: if (count % decimate == 0): # Extract the frame and convert to float avg = image.astype('uint16') # max 255 frames averaged. if (count % decimate > 0 and count % decimate <= (decimate-1)): avg = avg + image.astype('uint16') if (count % decimate == (decimate-1)): # Every 100 frames (3 seconds @ 30fps) avg = avg / decimate if(transpose): avg = cv2.transpose(avg) avg = cv2.flip(avg, 1) avg2 = avg; for a in avglist: avg2 = avg2 + a avg2 = avg2 / rolling; avglist.append(avg); if len(avglist) >= rolling: avglist.pop(0) # remove the first item. avg2 = avg2.astype('uint8') print("saving "+str(save_seq)) # Save Image # cv2.imwrite(filename+str('{0:03d}'.format(save_seq))+".png", avg) save_seq += 1 writer.write(avg2) if count == frames + start_frame: break count += 1 writer.release() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1464} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nanoelectronic Programmable Synapses Based on Phase Change Materials for Brain-Inspired Computing
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Eminently useful. Source: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-974-fundamentals-of-photonics-quantum-electronics-spring-2006/lecture-notes/chapter7.pdf Laser Dye technology by Peter Hammond
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{1463} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All-optical spiking neurosynaptic networks with self-learning capabilities
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Building High-level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning
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{1451} |
ref: -2018
tags: sparse representation auditory cortex excitatation inhibition balance
date: 03-11-2019 20:47 gmt
revision:1
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PMID-30307493 Sparse Representation in Awake Auditory Cortex: Cell-type Dependence, Synaptic Mechanisms, Developmental Emergence, and Modulation.
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{1450} |
ref: -2015
tags: conjugate light electron tomography mouse visual cortex fluorescent label UNC cryoembedding
date: 03-11-2019 19:37 gmt
revision:1
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PMID-25855189 Mapping Synapses by Conjugate Light-Electron Array Tomography
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PMID-15321069 Sparse coding of sensory inputs
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{1445} |
ref: -2018
tags: cortex layer martinotti interneuron somatostatin S1 V1 morphology cell type morphological recovery patch seq
date: 03-06-2019 02:51 gmt
revision:3
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{1443} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-27545715 High-Throughput Mapping of Single-Neuron Projections by Sequencing of Barcoded RNA.
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PMID-21280920 Optically sectioned in vivo imaging with speckle illumination HiLo microscopy
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{1433} |
ref: -2008
tags: representational similarity analysis fMRI
date: 02-15-2019 02:27 gmt
revision:1
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PMID-19104670 Representational Similarity Analysis – Connecting the Branches of Systems Neuroscience
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{1431} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sparse and composite coherent lattices
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PMID-28650477 Video rate volumetric Ca2+ imaging across cortex using seeded iterative demixing (SID) microscopy
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New Evidence for the Strange Geometry of Thought
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Curiosity-driven exploration by Self-supervised prediction
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PMID-29205151 Towards deep learning with segregated dendrites https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5716677/
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PMID-24711417 Evidence for a causal inverse model in an avian cortico-basal ganglia circuit
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PMID-21896383 Effect of Insertion Speed on Tissue Response and Insertion Mechanics of a Chronically Implanted Silicon-Based Neural Probe
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PMID-25546652 Brain Tissue Responses to Neural Implants Impact Signal Sensitivity and Intervention Strategies
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PMID-28246640 Ultraflexible nanoelectronic probes form reliable, glial scar–free neural integration
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PMID-25128375 Chronic tissue response to carboxymethyl cellulose based dissolvable insertion needle for ultra-small neural probes.
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{1057} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-19666051[0] Insertion shuttle with carboxyl terminated self-assembled monolayer coatings for implanting flexible polymer neural probes in the brain.
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{1397} |
ref: -0
tags: polyimide electrodes immune response foreign body inflammation stiffener steiglitz
date: 12-28-2017 02:37 gmt
revision:0
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PMID-27534649 Intracortical polyimide electrodes with a bioresorbable coating.
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{1389} |
ref: -0
tags: photoacoustic tomography mouse imaging q-switched laser
date: 05-11-2017 05:23 gmt
revision:1
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{1390} |
ref: -0
tags: photoacoustic tomography mouse imaging q-switched laser
date: 05-11-2017 05:21 gmt
revision:0
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{1387} |
ref: -1977
tags: polyethylene surface treatment plasma electron irradiation mechanical testing saline seawater accelerated lifetime
date: 04-15-2017 06:06 gmt
revision:0
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Enhancement of resistance of polyethylene to seawater-promoted degradation by surface modification
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PMID-17517431[0] Neural probe design for reduced tissue encapsulation in CNS.
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Contenders for high-modulus pitch-based carbon fiber: "
Tensile and Flextural Prperties of single carbon fibers
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{1372} |
ref: -0
tags: bone marrow transplant chimera immune response to indwelling electrode implant capadona inflammation
date: 02-02-2017 23:24 gmt
revision:1
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PMID-24973296 The roles of blood-derived macrophages and resident microglia in the neuroinflammatory response to implanted intracortical microelectrodes.
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{1362} |
ref: -0
tags: serial electron microscopy Lichtman reconstruction nervous tissue
date: 01-17-2017 23:32 gmt
revision:0
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PMID-26232230 Saturated Reconstruction of a Volume of Neocortex.
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Heller Lecture - Prof. David Kleinfeld
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{1347} |
ref: -0
tags: laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for surgery tissue differentiation
date: 09-22-2016 19:26 gmt
revision:0
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PMID-25426327 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for bone and cartilage differentiation - ex vivo study as a prospect for a laser surgery feedback mechanism.
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{1341} |
ref: -0
tags: image registration optimization camera calibration sewing machine
date: 07-15-2016 05:04 gmt
revision:20
[19] [18] [17] [16] [15] [14] [head]
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Recently I was tasked with converting from image coordinates to real world coordinates from stereoscopic cameras mounted to the end-effector of a robot. The end goal was to let the user (me!) click on points in the image, and have the robot record that position & ultimately move to it. The overall strategy is to get a set of points in both image and RW coordinates, then fit some sort of model to the measured data. I began by printing out a grid of (hopefully evenly-spaced and perpendicular) lines via a laserprinter; spacing was ~1.1 mm. This grid was manually aligned to the axes of robot motion by moving the robot along one axis & checking that the lines did not jog. The images were modeled as a grating with quadratic phase in texture coordinates: (1) (2) (3) The 1000 was used to make the parameter search distribution more spherical; were bias terms to seed the solver; 0.97 was a duty-cycle term fit by inspection to the image data; (3) is a modified sigmoid. was then optimized over the parameters using a GPU-accelerated (CUDA) nonlinear stochastic optimization: (4) Optimization was carried out by drawing parameters from a normal distribution with a diagonal covariance matrix, set by inspection, and mean iteratively set to the best solution; horizontal and vertical optimization steps were separable and carried out independently. The equation (4) was sampled 18k times, and equation (3) 34 billion times per frame. Hence the need for GPU acceleration. This yielded a set of 10 parameters (again, and were bias terms and kept constant) which modeled the data (e.g. grid lines) for each of the two cameras. This process was repeated every 0.1 mm from 0 - 20 mm height (z) from the target grid, resulting in a sampled function for each of the parameters, e.g. . This required 13 trillion evaluations of equation (3). Now, the task was to use this model to generate the forward and reverse transform from image to world coordinates; I approached this by generating a data set of the grid intersections in both image and world coordinates. To start this process, the known image origin was used to find the corresponding roots of the periodic axillary functions : (5) (6) Or .. (7) (8) From this, we get variables which are the offsets to align the sine functions with the physical origin. Now, the reverse (world to image) transform was needed, for which a two-stage newton scheme was used to solve equations (7) and (8) for . Note that this is an equation of phase, not image intensity -- otherwise this direct method would not work! First, the equations were linearized with three steps of (9-11) to get in the right ballpark:
(9) (10) and (11) where mldivide is the Matlab operator. Then three steps with the full Jacobian were made to attain accuracy: (12) (13) (14) Solutions were verified by plugging back into equations (7) and (8) & verifying were the same. Inconsistent solutions were discarded; solutions outside the image space were also discarded. The process (10) - (14) was repeated to tile the image space with gird intersections, as indicated in (9), and this was repeated for all in , resulting in a large (74k points) dataset of , which was converted to full real-world coordinates based on the measured spacing of the grid lines, . Between individual z steps, was re-estimated to minimize (for a current ): (15) with grid-search, and the method of equations (9-14). This was required as the stochastic method used to find original image model parameters was agnostic to phase, and so phase (via parameter ) could jump between individual measurements (the origin did not move much between successive measurements, hence (15) fixed the jumps.) To this dataset, a model was fit: (16) Where , , , and . was introduced as an axillary variable to assist in perspective mapping, ala computer graphics. Likewise, were scaled so the quadratic nonlinearity better matched the data. The model (16) was fit using regular linear regression over all rows of the validated dataset. This resulted in a second set of coefficients for a model of world coordinates to image coordinates; again, the model was inverted using Newton's method (Jacobian omitted here!). These coefficients, one set per camera, were then integrated into the C++ program for displaying video, and the inverse mapping (using closed-form matrix inversion) was used to convert mouse clicks to real-world coordinates for robot motor control. Even with the relatively poor wide-FOV cameras employed, the method is accurate to , and precise to . | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{711} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-19299587[0] Optical Deconstruction of Parkinsonian Neural Circuitry.
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{1336} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level
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What are the concentrations of the monoamines in the brain? (Purpose: estimate the required electrochemical sensing area & efficiency)
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META II: Digital Vellum in the Digital Scriptorium: Revisiting Schorre's 1962 compiler-compiler
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PMID-21867803[0] Can histology solve the riddle of the nonfunctioning electrode? Factors influencing the biocompatibility of brain machine interfaces.
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{1324} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Problem: have a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser, (flashlamp pumped, passively Q-switched) from ebay (see this album). Allegedly it outputs 1J pulses of 8ns duration; in practice, it may put several 100mJ pulses ~ 16ns long while the flashlamp is firing. It was sold as a tattoo removal machine. However, I'm employing it to drill micro-vias in fine polyimide films. When focused through a 10x objective via the camera mount of an Leica microscope, 532nm (KTP doubled, second harmonic generation (SHG)) laser pulses both ablates the material, but does not leave a clean, sharp hole: it looks more like 'blasting': the hole is ragged, more like a crater. This may be from excessive 1064nm heating (partial KTP conversion), or plasma/flame heating & expansion due to absorption of the 532nm / 1064nm light. It may also be due to excessive pulse duration (should the laser not actually be q-switched... photodiode testing suggests otherwise, but I'd like to verify that), excessive pulse power, insufficient pulse intensity, or insufficient polyimide absorption at 532nm. The solution to excessive plasma and insufficient polyimide absorption is to shift the wavelength to 355nm (NUV) via third harmonic generation, 1064 + 532 = 355nm. This requires sum frequency generation (SFG), for which LBO (lithium triborate) or BBO (beta-barium borate) seem the commonly accepted nonlinear optical materials. To get SHG or THG, phase and polarization matching of the incoming light is critical. The output of the Nd:YAG laser is, I assume, non-polarized (or randomly polarized), as the KTP crystal simply screws on the front, and so should be rotationally agnostic (and there are no polarizing elements in the simple laser head -- unless the (presumed) Cr:YAG passive Q-switch induces some polarization.) Output polarization of the KTP crystal will be perpendicular to the incoming beam; if the resulting THG / SFG crystal needs Type-1 phase matching (both in phase and parallel polarization), will need a half-wave plate for 1064nm; for Type-II phase matching, no plate is needed. For noncritical phase matching in LBO (which I just bought), an oven is required to heat the crystal to the correct temperature. This suggests 73C for THG, while this suggests 150C (for SHG?). Third harmonic frequency generation by type-I critically phase-matched LiB3O5 crystal by means of optically active quartz crystal Suggests most lasers operate in Type-1 SHG, and Type-II THG, but this is less efficient than dual Type-1; the quartz crystal is employed to rotate the polarizations to alignment. Both SHG and THG crystals are heated for optimum power output. Finally, Short pulse duration of an extracavity sum-frequency mixing with an LiB3O5 (LBO) crystal suggests that no polarization change is required, nor oven control LBO temperature. Tight focus and high energy density is required, of course (at the expense of reduced crystal lifetime). Likely this is the Type-1,Type-II scheme alluded to in the paper above. I'll try this first before engaging further complexity (efficiency is not very important, as the holes are very small & material removal may be slow.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1112} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21301965[0] Novel multi-sided, microelectrode arrays for implantable neural applications.
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{1277} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-1416914 (pdf) Partial release and detachment of microfabricated metal and polymer structures by anodic metal dissolution | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1286} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Biomechanics of substrate boring by fig wasps
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{1273} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Frequency-domain techniques for tissue spectroscopy and imaging
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{1255} |
ref: -0
tags: Disseroth Kreitzer parkinsons optogenetics D1 D2 6OHDA
date: 09-30-2013 18:15 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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PMID-20613723 Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviors by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry
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{1244} |
ref: -0
tags: polyimide electrodes ecog japan photosensitive
date: 06-28-2013 01:50 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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PMID-22719725 Photosensitive-polyimide based method for fabricating various neural electrode architectures
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{835} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
So, a year and a half ago I bought a green 1995 900 SE convertible for $600. At that time, it didn't move or go in reverse. Since then, I've been fixing up random things here an there (or just straight modifying / breaking the car by other standards) and recently realized that I had better start keeping track of everything that's been done, in case my memory lapses or i need to know where some random part came from. I doubt this will be useful to anyone else - next time, pictures! Things that I've done to the green convertible, in approximate chronological order:
Things that need to be done to the 'vert:
Now, wonders of wonders, I have another of these cars - though a sedan, not a convertible. It cost much more (about 8x as much), and is hence in much better shape. That said, I've had to do the following:
And now the blue 1998 saab 900, sold to Adam:
Next, the saab 9000 aero:
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{1238} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-23428842 Chronic intracortical microelectrode arrays induce non-uniform, depth-related tissue responses.
This result is supported by previous papers:
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PMID-19963267 Quantitative analysis of the tissue response to chronically implanted microwire electrodes in rat cortex.
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PMID-23514423 Nanotools for Neuroscience and Brain Activity Mapping
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{1230} |
ref: -0
tags: dissertation interconnect parylene flexible electrodes
date: 02-26-2013 00:30 gmt
revision:2
[1] [0] [head]
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http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3444877/
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{1223} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-12657694[0] High rate shear strain of three-dimensional neural cell cultures: a new in vitro traumatic brain injury model.
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{781} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-16198003[0] Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes
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{748} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-18485471[0] Characterization of microglial attachment and cytokine release on biomaterials of differing surface chemistry
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{1220} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-20577634 Biocompatibility of intracortical microelectrodes: current status and future prospects.
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{1177} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-1196780 (pdf) 3D flexible multichannel neural probe array
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PMID-16921203[0] Effects of insertion conditions on tissue strain and vascular damage during neuroprosthetic device insertion.
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{1200} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-14741588[0] Chronic response of adult rat brain tissue to implants anchored to the skull.
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{898} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-19486899[0] Toward a comparison of microelectrodes for acute and chronic recordings.
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{311} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-9350963 A floating microwire technique for multichannel neural recording and stimulation in the awake rat
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{736} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-10498377[0] Stability of the interface between neural tissue and chronically implanted intracortical microelectrodes.
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{1211} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-9723616[0] Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning.
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{897} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21654037[0] In vivo deployment of mechanically adaptive nanocomposites for intracortical microelectrodes
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{1210} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-782142[0] The reaction of the cerebral cortex to chronically implanted plastic needles.
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{1196} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21867802[0] Reducing surface area while maintaining implant penetrating profile lowers the brain foreign body response to chronically implanted planar silicon microelectrode arrays.
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{1198} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-22049097[0] Mechanically adaptive intracortical implants improve the proximity of neuronal cell bodies.
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{1205} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-15698656[0] A comparison of chronic multi-channel cortical implantation techniques: manual versus mechanical insertion.
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{1026} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21298109[0] Implant size and fixation mode strongly influence tissue reactions in the CNS.
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{1202} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-22254391 Chronic intracortical implantation of saccharose-coated flexible shaft electrodes into the cortex of rats. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{737} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-16045910[0] Neuronal cell loss accompanies the brain tissue response to chronically implanted silicon microelectrode arrays.
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{1199} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-23091629 Multiple implants do not aggravate the tissue reaction in rat brain.
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PMID-15858046[0] Redundancy and synergy of neuronal ensembles in motor cortex.
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{1192} |
ref: -2002
tags: sea slugs flexible electrodes polymide Washington
date: 01-04-2013 18:46 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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IEEE-1002325 (pdf) Silicon micro-needles with flexible interconnections
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{1178} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-23160191 Novel flexible Parylene neural probe with 3D sheath structure for enhancing tissue integration
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{1186} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-20622860 Imaging brain electric signals with genetically targeted voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins.
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PMID-16050036 Imaging brain activity with voltage- and calcium-sensitive dyes.
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{1181} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://www.redshirtimaging.com/redshirt_neuro/neuro_lib_2.htm
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{1179} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-20844600 Detection of Neural Action Potentials Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Intensity and Phase Measurements with and without Dyes.
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{1166} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Regarding brain phantoms:
Also, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic cleaning appears to be superior to bare tungsten, with the hydrophillic surface treatment slightly superior -- PMID-16686416[2] ____References____
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{967} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-22017994[0] Closed-loop deep brain stimulation is superior in ameliorating parkinsonism.
Other thoughts:
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{166} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-19744484 What can man do without basal ganglia motor output? The effect of combined unilateral subthalamotomy and pallidotomy in a patient with Parkinson's disease.
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{1149} |
ref: -0
tags: locomotion decerebrated monkeys spinal cord section STN stimulation
date: 03-01-2012 23:53 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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PMID-7326562 Locomotor control in macaque monkeys
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{232} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-16153803[0] The robot basal ganglia: action selection by an embedded model of the basal ganglia
My thoughts:
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{1148} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-9421169 Bilateral lesions of the subthalamic nucleus induce multiple deficits in an attentional task in rats.
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{1142} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-4997823 Activity of Pallidal Neurons During Movement
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{1092} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-18701754[0] Neuronal activity of the human subthalamic nucleus in the parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian state
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{828} |
ref: RodriguezOroz-2001.09
tags: STN SNr parkinsons disease single unit recording spain 2001 tremor oscillations DBS somatotopy organization
date: 02-22-2012 18:24 gmt
revision:12
[11] [10] [9] [8] [7] [6] [head]
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PMID-11522580[0] The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics
Old notes:
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{1080} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21059746[0] Involvement of the subthalamic nucleus in impulse control disorders associated with Parkinson’s disease
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{1074} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-19559747[0] Deep brain stimulation in neurological diseases and experimental models: from molecule to complex behavior.
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{1129} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-15272269 Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders-how to make it work.
Stroke:
ALS:
Synthesis:
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{1096} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
There seems to be an interesting connection between excessive grip force, isometric muscle contraction causing coherence between motor cortex and EMG, lack of inhibition on delayed response and go-no-go task, and experiments with STN lesioned rats, and the high/low oscillation hypothesis. Rather tenuous, I suppose, but let me spell it out. ( My personal impression, post-hoc, is that this is an epiphenomena of something else; evidence is contradictory.)
footnote: how much is our search for oscillations informed by our available analytical techniques? Hypothesis: Impulsivity may be the cognitive equivalent of excess grip force; maintenance of consistent 'force' or delayed decision making benefits from Piper-band rhythms, something which PD abolishes (gradually, through brain adaptation). DBS disrupts the beta (resting, all synchronized) rhythm, and thereby permits movement. However it also effectively 'lesions' the STN, which leads to cognitive deficits and poor force control. (Wait .. DBS plus levodopa improves 40-60Hz energy -- this would argue against the hypothesis. Also, stroke in the STN in normal individuals causes hemiballismus, which resolves gradually; this is not consistent with oscillations, but rather connectivity and activity.) Testing this hypothesis: well, first of all, is there beta-band oscillations in our data? what about piper band? We did not ask the patients to delay response, so any tests thereof will be implicit. Can look at relative energy 10Hz-30Hz and 30Hz-60Hz in the spike traces & see if this is modulated by hand position. (PETH as usual). So. I made PETHs for beta / gamma power ratio of the spiking rate, controlled by shuffling the PETH triggers. Beta power was between 12 and 30 Hz; gamma between 30 and 75 Hz, as set by a noncausal IIR bandpass filter. The following is a non-normalized heatmap of all significant PETHs over all sessions triggered when the hand crossed the midpoint between targets. (A z-scored heatmap was made as well; it looked worse). X is session number, Y time, 0 = -1 sec. sampling rate = 200 Hz. In one file (the band) there seems to be selective gamma inhibition about 0.5 sec before peak movement. Likely it is an outlier. 65 neurons of 973 (single and multiunits together) were significantly 'tuned' = 6.6%; marginally significant by binomial test (p=0.02). Below is an example PETH, with the shuffled distribution represented by mean +- 1 STD in blue. The following heatmap is created from the significant PETHs triggered on target appearance. 80 of the 204 significant PETHs are from PLEX092606005_a. The total number of significant responses (204/1674, single units and multiunits) is significant by the binomial test p < 0.001, with and without Sept. 26 removed. Below is an example plot (092606005). Looks pretty damn good, actually. Let's see how stable this relationship is by doing a leave-half out cross-validation, 10 plies, in red below (all triggers plotted in black) Looks excellent! Problem is we are working with a ratio, which is prone to spikes. Fix: work in log space. Aggregate response remains about the same. 192 / 1674 significant (11.5%) In the above figure, positive indicates increased power relative to power. The square shape is likely relative to (negative lags) hold time and (positive lags) reaction time, though the squareness is somewhat concerning. Recording is from VIM. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1116} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-1580838 (pdf) Microfabricated cylindrical multielectrodes for neural stimulation.
____References____ Snow, S. and Jacobsen, S.C. and Wells, D.L. and Horch, K.W. Microfabricated cylindrical multielectrodes for neural stimulation Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 53 2 320 -326 (2006) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1110} |
ref: -0
tags: Seymour thesis electrode lithography fabrication
date: 02-05-2012 17:35 gmt
revision:4
[3] [2] [1] [0] [head]
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Advanced polymer-based microfabricated neural probes using biologically driven designs.
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PMID-10854347[0] The pathophysiology of essential tremor
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PMID-11929926[0] Single-neuron analysis of human thalamus in patients with intention tremor and other clinical signs of cerebellar disease.
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{1077} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-17962524[0] Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism.
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{1059} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-21719340 Modelization of a self-opening peripheral neural interface: a feasibility study. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1049} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-4353193 (pdf) A Sub-Microwatt Low-Noise Amplifier for Neural Recording
____References____ Holleman, J. and Otis, B. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007. EMBS 2007. 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE 3930 -3933 (2007) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{729} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-4358095 (pdf) An Ultra-Low-Power Neural Recording Amplifier and its use in Adaptively-Biased Multi-Amplifier Arrays.
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{1025} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-335862 (pdf) A three-dimensional microelectrode array for chronic neural recording.
____References____ Hoogerwerf, A.C. and Wise, K.D. A three-dimensional microelectrode array for chronic neural recording Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 41 12 1136 -1146 (1994) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1037} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-1546254 (pdf) A three-dimensional neural recording microsystem with implantable data compression circuitry
____References____ Olsson, R.H., III and Wise, K.D. A three-dimensional neural recording microsystem with implantable data compression circuitry Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of 40 12 2796 - 2804 (2005) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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PMID-12797724[0] A miniaturized neuroprosthesis suitable for implantation into the brain.
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{782} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-5067358 (pdf) Wireless, Ultra Low Power, Broadband Neural Recording Microsystem
____References____ Song, Y.-K. and Borton, D.A. and Park, S. and Patterson, W.R. and Bull, C.W. and Laiwalla, F. and Mislow, J. and Simeral, J.D. and Donoghue, J.P. and Nurmikko, A.V. Active Microelectronic Neurosensor Arrays for Implantable Brain Communication Interfaces Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 17 4 339 -345 (2009) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{322} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-15247483[0] Cognitive control signals for Neural Prosthetics
PMID-15491902 Cognitive neural prosthetics
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{930} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-1300783 (pdf) Transmission latencies in a telemetry-linked brain-machine interface
____References____ Bossetti, C.A. and Carmena, J.M. and Nicolelis, M.A.L. and Wolf, P.D. Transmission latencies in a telemetry-linked brain-machine interface Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 51 6 919 -924 (2004.06) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{306} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-12647229[0] Robustness of neuroprosthetic decoding algorithms
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{904} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-6769536[0] Operant control of precentral neurons: Control of modal interspike intervals
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{901} |
ref: Zacksenhouse-2007.07
tags: Zacksenhouse 2007 Odoherty Nicolelis cortical adaptation BMI
date: 01-06-2012 03:10 gmt
revision:3
[2] [1] [0] [head]
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PMID-17637835[0] Cortical modulations increase in early sessions with brain-machine interface.
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{995} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-936367 (pdf) Single-unit neural recording with active microelectrode arrays
____References____ Qing Bai and Wise, K.D. Single-unit neural recording with active microelectrode arrays Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on 48 8 911 -920 (2001) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{87} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
from the Scientific American:
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{393} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-17554826[0] A fully integrated mixed-signal neural processor for implantable multichannel cortical recording.
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{902} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
bibtex:Olson-2005 Evidence of a mechanism of neural adaptation in the closed loop control of directions
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{1012} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-4502738 (pdf) An Integrated-Circuit Approach to Extracellular Microelectrodes
____References____ Wise, Kensall D. and Angell, James B. and Starr, Arnold An Integrated-Circuit Approach to Extracellular Microelectrodes Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on BME-17 3 238 -247 (1970) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{1004} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-1351853 (pdf) Development of integrated circuits for readout of microelectrode arrays to image neuronal activity in live retinal tissue
____References____ Dabrowski, W. and Grybos, P. and Hottowy, P. and Skoczen, A. and Swientek, K. and Bezayiff, N. and Grillo, A.A. and Kachiguine, S. and Litke, A.M. and Sher, A. Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2003 IEEE 2 956 - 960 Vol.2 (2003) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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{934} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-16859758 Brain-machine interfaces: past, present and future.
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{731} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-15132510[0] A fully Integrated Neural Recording Amplifier with DC Input Stabilization
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{665} |
ref: Cho-2007.03
tags: SOM self organizing maps Prinicpe neural signal reconstruction recording compression
date: 01-03-2012 00:59 gmt
revision:2
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PMID-17234384[0] Self-organizing maps with dynamic learning for signal reconstruction.
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{5} |
ref: bookmark-0
tags: machine_learning research_blog parallel_computing bayes active_learning information_theory reinforcement_learning
date: 12-31-2011 19:30 gmt
revision:3
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hunch.net interesting posts:
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{926} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-10196571[0] Simultaneous encoding of tactile information by three primate cortical areas
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{944} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IEEE-4352820 (pdf) Constant-Current Adjustable-Waveform Microstimulator for an Implantable Hybrid Neural Prosthesis
____References____ Hassell, T.J. and Jedlicka, S.S. and Rickus, J.L. and Irazoqui, P.P. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007. EMBS 2007. 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE 2436 -2439 (2007) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{896} |
ref: Friston-2002.1
tags: neuroscience philosophy feedback top-down sensory integration inference
date: 10-25-2011 23:24 gmt
revision:0
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PMID-12450490 Functional integration and inference in the brain
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{883} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Response to Jonah Lehrer's The Web and the Wisdom of Crowds: Lehrer is right on one thing: culture. We're all consuming similar things (e.g. Rebecca Black) via the strong positive feedback of sharing things that you like, liking things that you share, and becoming more like the things that are shared with you. Will this lead to a cultural convergence, or stable n-ary system? To early to tell, but probably not: likely this is nothing new. Would you expect music to collapse to a single genre? No way. Sure, there will be pop culture via the mechanisms Lehrer suggests, but meanwhile there is too much to explore, and we like novelty too much. Regarding decision making through stochastic averaging as implemented in democracy, I have to agree with John Hawk here. The growing availability of knowledge, news, and other opinions should be a good thing. This ought to be more than enough to counteract the problem of everyone reading say the NYTimes instead of many varied local newspapers; there should be no impoverishment of opinion. Furthermore, we read blogs (like Lehrer's) which have to compete increasingly honestly in the attention economy. The cost of redirecting our attention has gone from that of a subscription to free. Plus, this attention economy ties communication to reality at more points - each reader, as opposed to each publisher, is partially responsible for information amplification and dissemination. (I mean I just published this damn thing and almost zero cost - is that not a great thing?) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Email received January 30 2011 - I've tried to understand the story, but all i get a sense of is strange injured exaggerations, statements which try to draw ire. The below-linked report is one of the most bizarre cases we have reported in quite a while. A high-paid, prestigious professor at the Catholic Duke University, who was recently appointed to the Vatican's Academy of Sciences, mind you, is not only pro abortion and in favor of gay marriage, but he also is threatening to call the police on people who disagree with him on these issues -- specifically, one pastor (Julio Severo, a friend of ours) who works with troubled homosexuals desiring to quit the lifestyle, and another Christian who has spoken only in the mildest terms of this professor. Now picture this if you will: Here we have a homeless Pastor, Julio Severo, who has been banned from his homeland for sincerely practicing his life work of helping homosexuals cope with unwanted desires. These are poor men who are terrified of contracting AIDS and dying. Some already have tested HIV positive. They come to Julio out of desperation for psychological and spiritual assistance, guidance from the Word of God. And now, for the crime of heeding God's call to help them, Pastor Severo is forced to leave his country or be jailed for the "crime" of helping homosexuals desirous of raising themselves out of a situation they deplore and fear. Because Brazil is in the hands of leftist elitists who have outlawed any public speech unfavorable to homosexuality. Meanwhile, the desolate Pastor Severo is living in poverty with a wife and children, desperately trying to fend for himself and find work to buy food for his family. All for the crime of lending people a helping hand as he felt called to do by his Savior. And now comes an elitist, high-paid, pampered professor from a prestigious university surrounded by luxury, enjoying all the finer things of life and going to the finest restaurants, working ridiculously easy hours, with lots of leisure, time and money to travel. And what does this wealthy, influential professor do? Does he offer to help the poor man who has been persecuted unjustly by a godless, heartless government for the "crime" of helping others? Why no, the professor simpers and whimpers that he is afraid of the homeless pastor who is out of work and has a hungry family with nowhere to go and no one to help them. And in an interview with a like-minded elitist blogger, this rich, comfortable professor who has all the comforts one can imagine -- things the poor pastor never even has dreamed of, brags of the high security at his lab and says that if he ever feels 'threatened' by this unfortunate penniless, harmless pastor, living in poverty and hiding somewhere in an unknown part of the world, why he will just call the police from the comfort of his luxurious home or his multi-million dollar fully equipped lab and they will arrest the homeless man so that he, the rich, pampered, powerful professor, can be even more comfortable surrounded by his art collection, his latest model car, his designer clothes, his plasma TV and his well-stocked wine cellar. Here are the details: http://laiglesforum.com/pro-abort-pro-gay-marriage-duke-u-prof-threatens-to-sic-cops-on-detractors/2091.htm Please take the time to call or email Dr. Nicolelis and ask him why he is threatening a homeless pastor for adhering to the Bible in his beliefs? And why does he think that homosexuals should be obliged to remain in their dangerous lifestyle? Does he not know that many want to quit this lifestyle for health and safety reasons? You may also ask the good doctor whether he would like to report me too for the "crime" of speaking out against this outrage. Thank you and God bless. Don Hank | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{867} |
ref: -0
tags: evolutionary psychology human mating sexuality discrimination wedlock
date: 01-09-2011 18:22 gmt
revision:1
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From Why Beautiful people have more daughters: "Abuse, degradation, and intimidation are all part of men's unfortunate repertoire of tactics employed in competitive situations. In other words, men are not harassing women because they are treating them differently than men (which is the definition of discrimination under which harassment legally falls), but the exact opposite: men harass women because they are not discriminating between men and women." Interesting argument. But in sexual discrimination cases, the women are not being treated the way they want to be treated - this is more a problem than the inequality. The author then goes on to pose that current sexual discrimination law and policy in US corporations actually inhibits welcome sexual/romantic interest/advances. Many people do find partners at work. Again, I beg to differ: if there is passion between people, things will fall as they should; if policy and culture serves to make this more civilized (provided it's not completely inhibited, as the author suggests), then all the better. In related news: An Analysis of Out-Of-Wedlock Births in the United States Central hypothesis: Contraceptive technology shifted the balance of power between the sexes: prior the pill, women could force the men into promising to marry; in the case of preganancy, cultural standards forced marriage - shotgun marriage. Men accepted these terms because they were uniform across all women - sex implies pregnancy implies child rearing. When contraception became available, this was decoupled, as sex did not beget pregnancy; those women who negotiated on the old terms were likely to lose their mate, hence shotgun marriages (the result of such negotiations) gradually disappeared from culture. The author generally approves of the idea of shotgun marriage, and suggests that a governmental body should enforce a form of it through child support payments. Presently about 40% of children in the US are born out of wedlock. Finally, Serial monogamy increases reproductive success in men but not in women. It rests upon data, only recently gathered, that supports that having multiple partners increases reproductive success more strongly in male than in female humans. This implies that the variance of the fertility of men should be higher than that of women - again, which is borne out in the data, but only weakly: men have 10% higher variance in # of offspring than women. This effect is correlated to serial monogamy - "Compared with men with 1 spouse, men with 3 or more spouses had 19% more children in the total sample". This did not hold with women, nor did varying spouse number in men change the survival rate of their offspring. Irregardless, this reading was spurred by someone mentioning that a genetic analysis of human populations reveals that while 80% of women reached reproductive success, only 40% of men did - implying that historically a few more successful men fathered a large fraction of children. I was unable to find evidence to support this on the internet (and indeed the Behavioral Ecology article gives much less dramatic figures), but it makes intuitive sense, especially in light of some patterns of male behavior. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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"The Truth Wears Off" by Jonah Lehrer, the New Yorker.
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"Stage 6" part selection:
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{838} |
ref: -0
tags: meta learning Artificial intelligence competent evolutionary programming Moshe Looks MOSES
date: 08-07-2010 16:30 gmt
revision:6
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Jacques Pitrat seems to have many of the same ideas that I've had (only better, and he's implemented them!)-- A Step toward and Artificial Scientist
Artificial beings - his book. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{827} |
ref: OSuilleabhain-1998.11
tags: analysis tremor parkinsons disease
date: 07-19-2010 19:22 gmt
revision:2
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PMID-9827772[0] Time-frequency analysis of tremor
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Studies in astronomical time series analysis. II - Statistical aspects of spectral analysis of unevenly spaced data Scargle, J. D.
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{796} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
An interesting field in ML is nonlinear dimensionality reduction - data may appear to be in a high-dimensional space, but mostly lies along a nonlinear lower-dimensional subspace or manifold. (Linear subspaces are easily discovered with PCA or SVD(*)). Dimensionality reduction projects high-dimensional data into a low-dimensional space with minimum information loss -> maximal reconstruction accuracy; nonlinear dim reduction does this (surprise!) using nonlinear mappings. These techniques set out to find the manifold(s):
(*) SVD maps into 'concept space', an interesting interpretation as per Leskovec's lecture presentation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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http://www.carolinamtnclub.com/%5CHiking%5Cgoogle%5C511.htm awesome place! but watch out for the cows! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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PMID-19435684[0] A 128-channel 6 mW wireless neural recording IC with spike feature extraction and UWB transmitter.
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{776} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://www.willamette.edu/~gorr/classes/cs449/intro.html -- descent resource, good explanation of the equations associated with artificial neural networks. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{766} |
ref: life-0
tags: enfranchised mind blog population wealth future
date: 07-06-2009 21:43 gmt
revision:0
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http://enfranchisedmind.com/blog/posts/the-fermi-paradox/
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My friend Joey recently showed me the trailer to "The Road", and I banefully observed that it was "yet another disaster film". This made me wonder if the number of disaster films is increasing with time - a question that was easily answered with the help of perl, matlab, and Wikipedia's list of disaster films. First, I saved the page, then converted the list of dates contained therein into a matlab-formatted string with the following quick-n-dirty script: $source = $ARGV[0]; open(FH, "< $source"); @j = <FH>; #slurp the entire file into one string. print "dates = ["; $first = 1; foreach $l (@j){ while ($l =~ /\((\d{4})\)/gs ){ if(not $first){ print ","; } print $1 ; $first = 0; } } close FH; print "]; \n"; then plotted it in matlab: hist(dates, 20) %average over 5-year periods yielding: thereby validating my expectations that the number of disaster films has increased with time! (Note i did not say the percentage of total films - that might be constant :-) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{730} |
ref: -0
tags: recroding biopotential MOS-bipolar pseudoresistor
date: 04-15-2009 22:03 gmt
revision:0
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Linear transconductor with rail-to-rail input swing for very large time constanct applications
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{715} |
ref: Legenstein-2008.1
tags: Maass STDP reinforcement learning biofeedback Fetz synapse
date: 04-09-2009 17:13 gmt
revision:5
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PMID-18846203[0] A Learning Theory for Reward-Modulated Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity with Application to Biofeedback
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PMID-16474382[0] Reverse replay of behavioral sequences in hippocampal place cells during the awake state.
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In the process of installing compiz - which I decided I didn't like - I removed Xfce4's window manager, xfwm4, and was stuck with metacity. Metacity probably allows focus-follows-mouse, but this cannot be configured with Xfce's control panel, hence I had to figure out how to change it back. For this, I wrote a command to look for all files, opening each, and seeing if there are any lines that match "metacity". It's a brute force approach, but one that does not require much thinking or googling. find . -print | grep -v mnt | \ perl -e 'while($k = <STDIN>){open(FH,"< $k");while($j=<FH>){if($j=~/metacity/){print "found $k";}}close FH;}'This led me to discover ~/.cache/sessions/xfce4-session-loco:0 (the name of the computer is loco). I changed all references of 'metacity' to 'xfwm4', and got the proper window manager back. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{178} |
ref: Churchland-2006.12
tags: motor_noise CNS Churchland execution variance motor_planning 2006
date: 12-08-2008 22:50 gmt
revision:2
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PMID-17178410[0] A central source of movement variability.
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“Seeing†through the tongue: cross-modal plasticity in the congenitally blind
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PMID-15588812[0] Tools for the body schema See also PMID-8951846[1] Coding of modified body schema during tool use by macaque postcentral neurones. ____References____ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{604} |
ref: Pastalkova-2008.09
tags: hippocampus Buzsaki sequences
date: 09-22-2008 21:25 gmt
revision:1
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PMID-18772431[0] Internally generated cell assembly sequences in the rat hippocampus.
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PMID-11894084[0] Instant neural control of a movement signal.
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Myopen amplifiers & analog/digital filters & NLMS are working properly! Below, a recording from my deltiod as I held my arm up: (only one EMG channel active, ground was my knee)) Yellow traces are raw inputs from ADC, blue are the output from the IIR / adaptive filters; hence, you only see 8 of the 16 channels. Read from bottom to top (need a -1 in some opengl matrix somewhere...) Below, the system with no input except for free wires attached to one channel (and picking up ambient noise). For this channel, NLMS could not remove the square wave - too many harmonics - but for all other channels the algorthim properly removes 60hz interference :) Now, let me clean this EEG paste off my shoulder & leg ;) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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This is from the CSR reference design for the BlueCore5 chip. They also note that you have to pay attention to the aspect ratio of the vias - with laser drilling, this means that they needed a 63um prepreg between layers 1 and 2 (ground), with start copper thickness of 18um. PTH = plated-through-hole. (refers to a type of via) For 0.8mm BGA, you can loosen the design rules to the following: "
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windows is retarded: http://www.jsifaq.com/SF/Tips/Tip.aspx?id=10986 I got this error installing service pack 2 on a triple-boot MacBook.
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{539} |
ref: -0
tags: laser power concentration GFP mCherry calibration
date: 02-01-2008 19:22 gmt
revision:0
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above, a set of curves for determining fluorescent protein concentration (GFP & mCherry) from received photon count in a two-photon microscope. Unfortunately, these depend on efficiency & power of the entire setup, so the curve is non-transferable to other microscopes. one pass of mCherry @ 5x dilution did not seem the same as the others -- perhaps the reading light was left on? % given a series of files, % calculate a quadratic to convert intensity to concentration. % assumed formula: % green intensity = background + const*[GFP]*laserpower^2 % red intensity = background + const*[RFP]*laserpower^2 + % const2[GFP]*laserpower^2 close all cd('/var/ftp/tim_hanson/T002-0130_08/solutions'); basename = 'T002-gfp-100xdil-'; int_gfp100 = IntensReadfile('T002-gfp-100xdil-', 11, 2); int_gfp10 = IntensReadfile('T002-gfp-10xdil-', 8, 2); int_mcherry10 = IntensReadfile('T002-mcherry-10xdil-', 7, 2); int_mcherry5 = IntensReadfile('T002-mcherry-5xdil-', 7, 2); int_mcherry5_2 = IntensReadfile('T002-mcherry-5xdil2-', 7, 2); int_mcherry5_4 = IntensReadfile('T002-mcherry-5xdil4-', 6, 2); bg_green = (int_gfp100(1) + int_gfp10(1))/2; bg_red = (int_mcherry10(1) + int_mcherry5(1)... + int_mcherry5_2(1) + int_mcherry5_4(1))/4; powers = (0:0.1:1).^2; int_gfp_all = [int_gfp100-bg_green, (int_gfp10-bg_green)/10]; pow_gfp_all = [powers(1:11), powers(1:8)]; green_intensity_perpower = pow_gfp_all'\int_gfp_all' green_lab = ['green intensity = ' num2str(green_intensity_perpower) ' * power^2 + ' ... num2str(bg_green) ' (photons/10us) @ 8.7 ug/ml conc. gfp']; figure plot(sqrt(powers(1:11)), int_gfp100, 'o'); hold on plot(sqrt(powers(1:8)), (int_gfp10-bg_green)/10+bg_green, 'or'); plot(sqrt(pow_gfp_all), pow_gfp_all * green_intensity_perpower + bg_green, 'gx'); legend('100x dilution','10x dilution','parabolic fit'); title('intensity of gfp vs. laser power normalized to 100x dilution') xlabel(green_lab); int_mch_all = [(int_mcherry10-bg_red)/10, (int_mcherry5-bg_red)/20, ... (int_mcherry5_2-bg_red)/20, (int_mcherry5_4-bg_red)/20]; pow_mch_all = [powers(1:7), powers(1:7), powers(1:6), powers(1:7)]; red_intensity_perpower = pow_mch_all'\int_mch_all' red_lab = ['red intensity = ' num2str(red_intensity_perpower) ' * power^2 + ' ... num2str(bg_red) ' (photons/10us) @ 8.7 ug/ml conc. mcherry']; figure plot(sqrt(powers(1:7)), (int_mcherry10-bg_red)/10+bg_red, 'o'); hold on plot(sqrt(powers(1:7)), (int_mcherry5-bg_red)/20+bg_red, 'or'); plot(sqrt(powers(1:7)), (int_mcherry5_2-bg_red)/20+bg_red, 'ok'); plot(sqrt(powers(1:6)), (int_mcherry5_4-bg_red)/20+bg_red, 'om'); plot(sqrt(pow_mch_all), pow_mch_all * red_intensity_perpower + bg_red, 'gx'); legend('10x dilution','5x dilution','5x dilution(2)','5x dilution(4)','parabolic fit'); title('intensity of mcherry vs. laser power normalized to 100x dilution') xlabel(red_lab) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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I'm posting my comments about http://flock.com/ here just in case they are removed from the actual site This is all very interesting. I just downloaded it, and flock seems to work well. I'm probably not going to use it unless there is some demonstrable technical superiority (e.g. leaks less memory than firefox), as the social sites just distract me from getting work done. Anyway, I have a question: how are you going to make money? How are you paying the developers? If you are not and it is all OSS, where is the source? It seems like the VC's are just throwing money away for the (hypothetical) good of the social-network crowd. Or, rather, you are indirectly funding the popularity of sites that flock makes it easy to get at. Are these sites (e.g. facebook) paying you? Wait -- flock allows you to look at content and not the ads. They are not paying you. Perhaps you are moving along the lines of Opera, and intending to get people addicted to flock to a degree that they demand it on their mobile devices. Mobile devices are closed (for now .. check google), hence you can make money licensing software to phone manufacturers. I imagine that you'll have to rewrite the Mozilla core to do this (unless phones become significantly more powerful - not likely, they are battery devices. ) Mozilla is (L)GPL - you'll have to release the source. To the best of my knowledge, with non-physical goods money can only be made from gradients in knowledge (pun.. intended), therefore you will have to keep the source closed. If this is the case, you'll be able to make money (on this, i don't know what else you have planned) for a while, and when you can no longer, I hope you open the source like netscape. Technically, though, excellent job! your website is also very pretty! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{377} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
the contenders:
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{506} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
So, you want to write inline assembly for the blackfin processor, perhaps to speed things up in a (very) time-constrained environment? Check this first:
Nobody seems to have a complete modifier list for the blackfin, which is needed to actually write something that won't be optimized out :) here is my list --
examples:
Constraints for particular machines - does not include blackfin.
; register operands ; d (r0..r7) ; a (p0..p5,fp,sp) ; e (a0, a1) ; b (i0..i3) ; f (m0..m3) ; B ; c (i0..i3,m0..m3) CIRCREGS ; C (CC) CCREGS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{504} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://www.camsig.co.uk/ -- blackfin is hot like chernobyl. 1" sq 600mhz webserver etc.
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{448} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adobe acrobat reader 7.0 leaks a prodigious amount of memory on my linux system (Debian Etch, stable). However, some pdfs will only open in acroread, so i want to keep the application around for occasional use. Because of the memory leaks, it is not good to have it loaded by default by iceweasel / firefox (evince or xpdf is better). To do this:
that's it! :) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{476} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{464} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The problem: I have an interrupt status routine (ISR) which can interrupt the main, radio-servicing routine at any time. To keep the ISR from corrupting the register values of the main routine while it works, these registers must be pushed, and later popped, to the stack. Now, doing this takes time, so I'd prefer to pop / push as few registers as possible. Namely, I don't want to push/pop the hardware loop registers - LC0 (loop counter 0), LB0 (loop bottom 0, where the hardware loop starts) & LT0 (loop top 0, where the hardware loop ends). Gcc seems to only touch bank 1, never bank 0, so I don't have to save the 3 regs above. However, to make sure, I've written a perl file to examine the assembled code: my $file = "decompile.asm"; open(FH, $file); @j = <FH>; my $i=0; my @badregs = ("LC0", "LB0", "LT0"); foreach $reg (@badregs){ foreach $k (@j){ if($k =~ /$reg/){ $i++; print "touch register $reg : $k"; } } } #tell make if we found problems or not. if($i>0){ exit 1; }else{ exit 0; } 'make' looks at the return value perl outputs, as instructed via the makefile (relevant portion below): headstage.ldr:headstage.dxe rm -f *.ldr $(LDR) -T BF532 -c headstage.ldr $< bfin-elf-objdump -d headstage.dxe > decompile.asm perl register_check.pl if it finds assembly which accesses the 'bad' registers, make fails. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{468} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
On the 'headstage' I'm developing, there is a feild in the status packet for version number, so i wanted to automatically include the SVN version into this field by updating the source code. Rather than fiddling around with the SVN settings, I used perl (as always). # script to insert the SVN version.. $verstr = `svn info`; if($verstr =~ /Revision: (\d+)/ ){ $version = $1; # print "svn version: $version \n"; open(FH, "main.c"); open(FHnew, ">main.c.new"); #open in write-over mode. @j = <FH>; foreach $line (@j){ $line =~ s/(SVN_VERSION\{\*\/)([^\/]*)(\/\*\})/$1$version$3/; print FHnew $line; } close FH; close FHnew; `mv main.c.new main.c`; }lovely regex, no? it replaces: stat->version = /*SVN_VERSION{*//*}*/;with stat->version = /*SVN_VERSION{*/59/*}*/;(for example) in the file main.c (obviously) Mr tlh24, I suggest the following: Add the string "$Rev$" to your main.c $ svn ps svn:keywords "Rev" main.c $ svn ci -m "adding Rev keyword" main.c Now, eg: stat->verstr = "$Rev$";becomes stat->verstr = "$Rev: 59$"; cheers, /joeyo Mr. joeyo: ahhh, that's sweet! problem is: i need it formatted as an integer. stat->version is type 'unsigned int'. any ideas? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{446} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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{439} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
abandoned because I realized that I could work on 2 channels at once (as there are 2 MACs onboard) & could use the s2rnd multiply-accumulate flay & could load registers 32bits at a time! ah well, might as well archive my efforts :) r6.h = 2048; r0.l = r0.l - r6.h (s) || r1.l = w[i0++] || r2.l = w[i1++]; //subtract offset, load a1[0] into r1.l, w1[0] into r2.l a0 = r0.l * r1.l (is) || r1.h = w[i0++]; //mac in*a1[0], load a[1] to r1.h a0 += r2.l * r1.h (is) || r1.l = w[i0++]|| r2.h = w[i1--]; //mac w[0]*a1[1], load a1[2] into r1.l, w1[1] to r2.h r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r1.l) (is) || r3.l = w[i0++]; //mac w1[1]*a1[2] store to r4, b1[0] to r3.l r4 = r4 >>> 14 || r3.h = w[i0++]; //arithmetic right shift, 32 bit inst, b1[1] to r3.h, r4 is new w1. a0 = r4.l * r3.l (is) || w[i1++] = r4.l; //mac w1*b1[0], save w1 into w1[0] a0 += r2.l * r3.h (is) || w[i1++] = r2.l; //mac w1[0]*b[1], save w1[0] into w1[1] r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r3.l) (is) || r1.l = w[i0++] || r2.l = w[i1++];//mac w1[1]*b1[0] store r4, a2[0] to r1.l, w2[0] to r2.l r4 = r4 >>> 14 || r1.h = w[i0++] || r2.h = w[i1--]; //arith. right shift, a2[1] to r1.h, w2[1] to r2.h a0 = r4.l * r1.l (is); //mac in*a2[0], a2[2] into r1.l a0 += r2.l * r1.h (is) || rl.l = w[i0++]; //mac w2[0]*a2[1], b2[0] into r3.l r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r1.l) (is) || r3.l = w[i0++]; //mac w2[1]*a2[2] store r4, b2[1] into r3.h r4 = r4 >>> 14 || r3.h = w[i0++]; //arithmetic shift to get w2, b2[2] to r3.h a0 = r4.l * r3.l (is) || w[i1++] = r4.l; //mac w2 * b2[0], store w2 to w2[0] a0 += r2.l * r3.h (is) || w[i1++] = r2.l; //mac w2[0]*b2[1], store w2[0] to w2[1]. i1 now pointing to secondary channel. r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r3.l) (is) || i0 -= 10; //mac w2[1]*b2[0]. reset coeff ptr. done with pri chan, save in r5. r5 = r4 >>> 14; //time for the secondary channel! r0.h = r0.h - r6.h (s) || r1.l = w[i0++] || r2.l = w[i1++]; //subtract offset, load a1[0] to r1.1, w1[0] to r2.l a0 = r0.h * r1.l (is) || r1.h = w[i0++] ; //mac in*a1[0], a1[1] to r1.h, save out samp pri. a0 += r2.l * r1.h (is) || r1.l = w[r0++] || r2.h = w[i1--]; //mac w1[0]*a1[1], a1[2] to r1.l, w1[1] to r2.h r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r1.l) (is) || r3.l = w[i0++]; //mac, b1[0] to r3.l r4 = r4 >>> 14 || r3.h = w[i0++]; //arithmetic shift, b1[1] to r3.h a0 = r4.l * r3.l (is) || w[i1++] = r4.l; //mac w1*b1[0], save w1 to w1[0] a0 += r2.l * r3.h (is) || w[i++] = r2.l; //mac w1[0], save w1[0] to w1[1] r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r3.l) (is) || r1.l = w[i0++] || r2.l = w[i1++]; //mac w1[1]*b1[0] store r4, a2[0] to r1.l, w2[0] to r2.l r4 = r4 >>> 14 || r2.h = w[i1--]; // r4 output of 1st biquad, w2[1] to r2.h a0 = r4.l * r1.l (is) || r1.h = w[i0++] ; //mac in* a2[0], a2[1] to r1.h a0 += r2.l * r1.h (is) || r1.h = w[i0++] ; //mac w2[0]*a2[1], a2[2] to r1.l r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r1.l) (is) || r3.l = w[i0++]; //mac w2[1]*a2[2], b2[0] to r3.l r4 = r4 >>> 14 || r3.h = w[i0++]; //r4 is w2, b2[2] to r3.h a0 = r4.l * r3.l (is) || w[i++] = r4.l ; //mac w2 * b2[0], store w2 to w2[0] a0 += r2.l * r3.h (is) || w[i++] = r2.l; //mac w2[0] * b2[1], store w2[0] to w2[1]. i1 now pointing to next channel. r4 = (a0 += r2.h * r3.l) (is) || i0 -= 10; //mac w2[1] * b2[0], reset coeff. ptr, save in r4. r4 = r4 >>> 14; here is a second (but still not final) attempt, once i realized that it is possible to issue 2 MACS per cycle // I'm really happy with this - every cycle is doing two MMACs. :) /* // i0 i1 (in 16 bit words) r1 = [i0++] || r4 = [i1++]; // 2 2 r1= a0 a1 r4= w0's a0 = r0.l * r1.l, a1 = r0.h * r1.l || r2 = [i0++] || r5 = [i1]; // 4 2 r2= a2 a2 r5= w1's a0 += r4.l * r1.h, a1 = r4.h * r1.h || r3 = [i0++] || [i1--] = r4; // 6 0 r3= b0 b1 w1's=r4 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r2.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r2.l)(s2rnd); a0 = r0.l * r3.l, a1 = r0.h * r3.l || [i1++] = r0; // 6 2 w0's = r0 a0 += r4.l * r3.h, a1 += r4.h * r3.h || r1 = [i0++] || i1 += 4; // 8 4 r1 = a0 a1 //load next a[0] a[1] to r1; move to next 2nd biquad w's; don't reset the coef pointer - move on to the next biquad. r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r3.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r3.l)(s2rnd) || r4 = [i1++]; // 8 6 r4 = w0's, next biquad //note: the s2rnd flag post-multiplies accumulator contents by 2. see pg 581 or 15-69 //second biquad. a0 = r0.l * r1.l, a1 = r0.h * r1.l || r2 = [i0++] || r5 = [i1]; // 10 6 r2= a2 a2 r5 = w1's a0 += r4.l * r1.h, a1 += r4.h * r1.h || r3 = [i0++] || [i1--] = r4; // 12 4 r3= b0 b1 w1's = r4 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r2.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r2.l)(s2rnd); // a0 = r0.l * r3.l, a1 = r0.h * r3.l || [i1++] = r0; // 12 6 w0's = r0 a0 += r4.l * r3.h, a1 += r4.h * r3.h || r1 = [i0++] || i1 += 4; // 14 8 r1 = a0 a1 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r3.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r3.l)(s2rnd) || r4 = [i1++]; // 14 10 r4 = w0's //third biquad. a0 = r0.l * r1.l, a1 = r0.h * r1.l || r2 = [i0++] || r5 = [i1]; // 16 10 r2= a2 a2 r5 = w1's a0 += r4.l * r1.h, a1 += r4.h * r1.h || r3 = [i0++] || [i1--] = r4; // 18 8 r3= b0 b1 w1's = r4 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r2.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r2.l)(s2rnd); // a0 = r0.l * r3.l, a1 = r0.h * r3.l || [i1++] = r0; // 18 10 w0's = r0 a0 += r4.l * r3.h, a1 += r4.h * r3.h || r1 = [i0++] || i1 += 4; // 20 12 r1 = a0 a1 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r3.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r3.l)(s2rnd) || r4 = [i1++]; // 20 14 r4 = w0's //fourth biquad. a0 = r0.l * r1.l, a1 = r0.h * r1.l || r2 = [i0++] || r5 = [i1]; // 22 14 a0 += r4.l * r1.h, a1 += r4.h * r1.h || r3 = [i0++] || [i1--] = r4; // 24 12 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r2.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r2.l)(s2rnd); a0 = r0.l * r3.l, a1 = r0.h * r3.l || [i1++] = r0; // 24 14 a0 += r4.l * r3.h, a1 += r4.h * r3.h || i1 += 4; // 24 16 r0.l = (a0 += r5.l * r3.l), r0.h = (a1 += r5.h * r3.l)(s2rnd); // 48: loop back; 32 bytes: move to next channel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{437} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{422} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For the past few days I've been trying to figure out a way to do vacuum-assisted pick & place for home SMT PCB assembly. Fortunately, I had a vacuum pump - this one bought, without motor, from now defunct Duke University Surplus for $25. I got the motor from my parents, and had to go to Northern Equipment for the pulley and belt (fyi: also bought a hot air gun, Wel-Bilt brand, which promptly broke upon testing at home.) I filled it with 10w30 synthetic motor oil, since some of original vacuum oil had leaked out during the (years?) of neglect at the surplus store. The whole assembly was far heavier than i could move, so i welded together a little cart for it out of old sideskate axles & bed frames. The wheels are from a cheap wal-mart skateboard that i used like 3 years ago to make the pogoboard. I also had to figure out how to neck down the 1.5" vacuum port on top of the huge pump to 1/4 id tubing, which took about 15 mins of searching in home depot... Above - Valves clamped to the table so i can operate them with my right hand while my left hand manipulates the fine SMT devices. Top valve is to control the vacuum pressure, bottom is a dump valve to release vacuum in the tip. I used three hypodermic needles, of varying diameter, as the tips for picking up small items. For the large chips, e.g. 176 pin LQFP-s, I ganked the ink tube out of a ballpoint pen. & glued it to the syringe connector (which is nice and easily replaceable). All tips were ground down at about a 40 deg angle to hold the parts (and to make the tips dull enough so i wouldn't continually stab myself while working...) simple and effective! see also {423} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{409} |
ref: bookmark-0
tags: optimization function search matlab linear nonlinear programming
date: 08-09-2007 02:21 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/ very nice collection of links!! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{386} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3254488777215293198 need to learn more about this infamous federal reserve! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{374} |
ref: notes-0
tags: entrepreneur MIT notes LLC tax law securities advice
date: 05-22-2007 15:25 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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http://enterpriseforum.mit.edu/mindshare/startingup/index.html
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{373} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://xtronics.com/reference/viscosity.htm the source site - http://xtronics.com/ - has a lot of interesting information. The author seems as enamored with Debian as I am. (hence, there is plenty of Debian information there :) for example, they have a quick reference on kicad: http://xtronics.com/reference/kicad.html | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{367} |
ref: notes-0
tags: RF telemetry differential phase shift key prosthesis power transmission TETS PSK
date: 05-12-2007 23:13 gmt
revision:0
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transcutaneous data telemetry system tolerant to power telemetry interference
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{362} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
An experiment with bluetooth, jabra, and hypothetical wireless lowfi neural recording:
# HCId options options { # Automatically initialize new devices autoinit yes; # Security Manager mode # none - Security manager disabled # auto - Use local PIN for incoming connections # user - Always ask user for a PIN # security auto; # Pairing mode # none - Pairing disabled # multi - Allow pairing with already paired devices # once - Pair once and deny successive attempts pairing multi; # Default PIN code for incoming connections passkey "0000"; } # Default settings for HCI devices device { # Local device name # %d - device id # %h - host name name "%h-%d"; # Local device class # class 0x3e0100; #--host class 0x500204; # Default packet type #pkt_type DH1,DM1,HV1; # Inquiry and Page scan iscan enable; pscan enable; # Default link mode # none - no specific policy # accept - always accept incoming connections # master - become master on incoming connections, # deny role switch on outgoing connections lm accept; # Default link policy # none - no specific policy # rswitch - allow role switch # hold - allow hold mode # sniff - allow sniff mode # park - allow park mode lp rswitch,hold,sniff,park; } And here is /etc/bluetooth/rfcomm.conf: (I added the device MAC and turned on automatic binding.. not sure if that was a good thing to do) rfcomm0 { # Automatically bind the device at startup bind yes; # Bluetooth address of the device device 00:16:8F:BF:7B:E0; # RFCOMM channel for the connection channel 1; # Description of the connection comment "Example Bluetooth device"; }
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{352} |
ref: bookmark-0
tags: postmodernism pseudoscience Alan Sokal
date: 04-23-2007 03:47 gmt
revision:0
[head]
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http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/pseudoscience_rev.pdf
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{129} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-10607637[0] Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning
____References____ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{325} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-8768391[0] Temporal precision of spike trains in extrastriate cortex of the behaving macaque monkey
PMID-16339894[1] Neurons of the cerebral cortex exhibit precise interspike timing in correspondence to behavior.
PMID-7770778[2] Reliability of spike timing in neocortical neurons.
____References____ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{302} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-17271333[0] Neuron selection and visual training for population vector based cortical control.
PMID-16705272[1] Selection and parameterization of cortical neurons for neuroprosthetic control
____References____ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{263} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-15811234[] Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with Tools in Monkey Ventral Premotor Cortex
____References____ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{251} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
go there!! be frightened!! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{245} |
ref: AnguianoRodrAguez-2007.02
tags: serotonin learning dopamine
date: 03-12-2007 02:30 gmt
revision:0
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PMID-17126827 Striatal serotonin depletion facilitates rat egocentric learning via dopamine modulation. facilitates - they get better! (more awake than controls? inability to forget?) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{229} |
ref: notes-0
tags: SNR MSE error multidimensional mutual information
date: 03-08-2007 22:33 gmt
revision:2
[1] [0] [head]
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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/516/3389/00116771.pdf or http://hardm.ath.cx:88/pdf/MultidimensionalSNR.pdf
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Keep your hands on the knobs and your head in the clouds! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{110} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Iso learning approximates a solution to the inverse controller problem in an usupervised behavioral paradigm http://hardm.ath.cx/pdf/isolearning2002.pdf
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{113} |
ref: Barik-1996.1
tags: parkinsons dopamine cerebellum D3 essential tremor ET
date: 0-0-2007 0:0
revision:0
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{151} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-11741014 Computational approaches to motor control. Tamar Flash and Terry Sejnowski.
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{173} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PMID-17259585 Giving up on unattainable goals: benefits for health?
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SELECT * FROM `base` WHERE MATCH(`From`, `To`) AGAINST('hanson') ORDER BY `Date` DESC Limit 0, 100
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{20} |
ref: bookmark-0
tags: neural_networks machine_learning matlab toolbox supervised_learning PCA perceptron SOM EM
date: 0-0-2006 0:0
revision:0
[head]
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http://www.ncrg.aston.ac.uk/netlab/index.php n.b. kinda old. (or does that just mean well established?) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{31} |
ref: bookmark-0
tags: job_search professional employment wisdom
date: 0-0-2006 0:0
revision:0
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{36} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
{44} | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/24/12/2989.pdf
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